AN AGING WORLD: 2008 International Population Reports By Kevin Kinsella and Wan He U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, 2009, 204 pages

http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p95-09-1.pdf

Первая цель представленного доклада состоит в том, чтобы взглянуть на прошлые, современные и прогнозные данные, а также на темпы роста пожилого населения. Рост численности пожилого населения во многом происходит благодаря улучшению медицинского обслуживания, а также образовательного уровня пожилых и экономического развития во всем мире. Но, при этом, надо учитывать, что демографические характеристики пожилых людей не являются однородными внутри каждой из стран. Вторая цель данного издания - подвести итоги социально-экономической статистики как для развитых, так и развивающихся стран. В сборник включены сопоставимые данные по 52 странам. В 2008 году в этих 52 странах проживало 77 процентов мирового населения.

В настоящем докладе основное внимание фокусируется в первую очередь на лицах 65 лет и старше. Так же как и лица более молодых возрастов, люди в возрасте 65 лет и старше имеют очень разные экономические ресурсы, здоровье, жилищные условия и уровень интеграции в общественную жизнь. Это подтверждается данными этого сборника Быстрый рост числа очень пожилых людей представляет собой социальное явление не имевшее прецедента в истории. Рост числа пожилых людей является важным с точки зрения государственной политики, поскольку с увеличением возраста изменяются индивидуальные потребности и социальная ответственность.

Данный доклад - это девятый межнациональный доклад Бюро переписи населения в мировой серии по старению населения. Он, как и предыдущие доклады, включает исторические данные на основе переписей циклов 1990 и 2000 гг., информацию из национальных выборочных обследований и административных данных, исторических и прогнозных данных ООН, а также данных демографического прогноза, подготовленных в Центре международных программ (МПК) Отдела народонаселения Бюро переписи населения.

Table of Contents

20 Questions About Global Aging

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Global Aging

Older People to Soon Outnumber Young Children
World's Older Population Increasing 870,000 Each Month
Older Population Growing Fastest in Developing Countries
Europe Still the "Oldest" World Region, Sub-Saharan Africa the "Youngest"
Japan Now the World's "Oldest" Major Country
Singapore's Older Population to More Than Triple by 2040
Parts of Asia Aging the Fastest
An Aging Index
Median Age to Rise in All Countries

Chapter 3. The Dynamics of Population Aging

Legacy of Fertility Decline
Aging and Population Decline: An Unprecedented Development
Is Below-Replacement Fertility Here to Stay?
Older Populations Themselves Often Are Aging
Researchers Eye Increase in Centenarians
Older People More Likely Than Others to Live in Rural Areas
No Clear Trend Toward Disproportionate Aging of Large Cities

Chapter 4. Life Expectancy and Mortality

Life Expectancy at Birth Exceeds 80 Years in 11 Countries
Twentieth Century Life Expectancy Doubled in Some Developed Countries
Rising Life Expectancy at Birth Is Not Universal
Highest Recorded Average Life Expectancy Continues to Rise
Female Advantage in Life Expectancy at Birth Nearly Universal
Female Mortality Advantage Persists in Older Age
Old-Age Mortality Rates Declining Over Time
Cardiovascular Disease the Preeminent Cause of Death Among Older People
Persistent Concern About Lung Cancer

Chapter 5. Health and Disability

Epidemiological Transition Shifts the Survival Curve
Developing-Country Transition Most Apparent in Latin America
Is a Longer Life a Better Life?
Crossnational Assessment of Health Expectancy Remains Elusive
Prevalence of Chronic Conditions Is Increasing While Disability Is Decreasing in Developed Countries
Female Advantage in Life Expectancy Partially Offset by Disability
Disability Prevalence Is Likely to Increase in Developing Countries
Burden of Noncommunicable Disease Is Growing
Obesity May Threaten Improvements in Life Expectancy
Early-Life Conditions Affect Adult Health
Does Population Aging Impact Health System Solvency?

Chapter 6. Gender Balance, Marital Status, and Living Arrangements

Older Population Sex Ratios Very Low in Eastern Europe
Older Men Are Married; Older Women Are Widowed
Widowhood Rises Sharply After Age 65
Most Older People Reside With Family
Intergenerational Coresidence Is on the Decline
Nearly Half of Older Women Live Alone in Some European Nations
Skipped-Generation Households Are a Feature of Sub-Saharan Africa
Use of Long-Term Care Facilities Varies by Social Group

Chapter 7. Social and Family Support

Some Countries Have Just Three Working-Aged People per One Older Person
Elements of the Total Dependency Ratio Reflect Age Structure and Support Needs
China's Shifting Age Composition Alters Dependency Ratios
Adult Children Are the Main Providers of Support to Older People
Proportions of Childless Older People May Rise in the Future
Home Help Services Reduce the Need for Institutionalization
Older People Provide As Well As Receive Support
Grandparenting Is a Primary Role in Many Nations

Chapter 8. Education and Literacy

Attainment Gap Between Developed and Developing Regions
Illiteracy at Older Ages Still Common in Developing Countries
Future Older People Will Have Higher Levels of Literacy and Education
Educational Disadvantage Common in Rural Areas
Educational Level Correlates With Older People's Employment and Earnings
Education Improves Older People's Physical Functioning and Self-Reported Health
Health Literacy and Financial Literacy Are Gaining Attention

Chapter 9. Labor Force Participation and Retirement

Labor Force Participation at Ages 65 and Over Exceeds 30 Percent in Some Countries
New Trend in Labor Force Participation Since 1990
Agriculture Still an Important Source of Employment for Older People
Different Bridges to Retirement Have Emerged
Part-Time Work Increases With Age
Unemployment Relatively Low Among Older Workers
Invalidity and Disability Programs May Be Avenues to Retirement
Actual Retirement Age Often Lower Than Statutory Age
Adults Spending Greater Portion of Life in Retirement
Public Pension System Provisions Can Induce Early Retirement
Developed Country Trend Toward Earlier Retirement Has Changed

Chapter 10. Pensions and Old-Age Security

Demographic Change Alone May Double the Retiree/Worker Ratio
Number of National Old-Age Security Systems Rising
Pension Coverage Spotty and Declining in Developing Countries
From Defined Benefit to Defined Contribution
How Generous Are Public Pensions?
Public Pensions Absorb One-Eighth of GDP in the European Union
Mandatory Private Pension Plans Becoming More Prominent
Administrative Costs of Pension Systems High in Some Developing Countries
Private Pension Fund Assets a Major Source of Long-Term Capital
Trend Toward Pension Privatization Began in Chile
Universal Pensions Address Aging and Poverty
Governments Considering New Pillars of Old-Age Security

Chapter 11. Concluding Remarks

Appendix A. Country Composition of World Regions
Appendix B. Detailed Tables
Appendix C. Sources and Limitations of the Data
Appendix D. References