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Jeroen Sprijker
SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REGIONAL MORTALITY
DIFFERENCES IN EUROPE
Amsterdam, 2004, 328 pages
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Стандартизованный коэффициент смертности на 100000
населения и как процент СКС от всех причин в Европе (по классам
9 пересмотра) (p. 56)
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Мужчины
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1971
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1981
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1995
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Все причины смерти
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1368
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100%
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1232
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100%
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1060
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100%
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Рак
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258
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19%
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271
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22%
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278
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26%
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Заболевания органов кровообращения
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605
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44%
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559
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45%
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439
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41%
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Заболевания дыхательной системы
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137
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10%
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112
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9%
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87
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8%
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Заболевания системы органов пищеварения
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65
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5%
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62
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5%
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51
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5%
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Симптомы, признаки и неточно обозначенные причины
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73
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5%
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41
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3%
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33
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3%
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Травмы и отравления
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101
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7%
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90
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7%
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77
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7%
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Оставшиеся классы причин смерти
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129
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9%
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97
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8%
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94
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9%
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Женщины
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1971
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1981
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1995
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Все причины смерти
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862
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100%
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746
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100%
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618
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100%
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Рак
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162
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18%
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157
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21%
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154
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25%
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Заболевания органов кровообращения
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421
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48%
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365
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49%
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278
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45%
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Заболевания дыхательной системы
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69
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8%
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53
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7%
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41
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7%
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Заболевания системы органов пищеварения
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35
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4%
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32
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4%
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27
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4%
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Симптомы, признаки и неточно обозначенные причины
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57
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6%
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29
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4%
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22
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4%
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Травмы и отравления
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44
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5%
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38
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5%
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28
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5%
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Оставшиеся классы причин смерти
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93
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11%
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72
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10%
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67
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11%
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Наиболее распространенные виды рака: стандартизованный
коэффициент смертности на 100000 населения и как процент СКС
от всех видов рака в Европе
(p. 58)
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Мужчины
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1971
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1981
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1995
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Все виды рак
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258
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100%
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271
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100%
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278
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100%
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Рак желудка
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41
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16%
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30
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11%
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20
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7%
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Рак толстой кишки
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16
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6%
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15
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6%
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19
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7%
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Рак легких и т.д.
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71
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27%
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83
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30%
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83
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30%
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Рак предстательной железы
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21
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8%
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23
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8%
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27
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10%
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Рак лимфатической и кроветворной тканей
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15
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6%
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16
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6%
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18
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7%
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Другие виды рака
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94
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37%
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105
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39%
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112
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40%
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Женщины
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1971
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1981
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1995
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Все виды рак
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162
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100%
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157
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100%
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154
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100%
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Рак желудка
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21
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13%
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14
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9%
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9
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6%
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Рак толстой кишки
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14
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9%
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12
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85
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13
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8%
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Рак легких и т.д.
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9
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6%
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11
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7%
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16
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10%
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Рак молочной железы
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25
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16%
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28
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18%
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30
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19%
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Рак лимфатической и кроветворной тканей
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10
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6%
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10
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7%
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12
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7%
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Другие виды рака
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83
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51%
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80
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51%
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75
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49%
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Вклад причин смерти в суммарную смертность мужчин
для каждого европейского макрорегиона между концом 1970-х
- началом 1980-х и концом 1990-х (p. 106)
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Причина смерти
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Запад
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Север
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Юг
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Центр
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Бывший СССР
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Суммарная смертность (СКС на 100000)
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1079,8
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1046,4
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1009,1
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1460,6
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1780,2
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Рак легких
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7,82%
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5,35%
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7,82%
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6,12%
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5,59%
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Рак предстательной железы
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2,63%
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3,22%
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2,04%
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1,22%
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0,60%
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Остальные виды рака
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16,10%
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13,90%
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15,96%
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11,01%
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9,89%
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Заболевания сердца
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32,45%
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39,68%
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27,52%
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40,38%
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35,53%
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Сосудистые поражения мозга
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9,07%
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8,47%
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12,44%
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11,68%
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15,29%
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Заболевания дыхательной системы
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9,08%
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7,76%
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8,54%
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6,80%
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7,56%
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Хронические болезни печени и циррозы
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2,14%
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1,16%
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3,41%
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2,58%
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1,38%
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Остальные внешние причины
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2,81%
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3,82%
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2,89%
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4,29%
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8,89%
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Дорожно-транспортные происшествия
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1,96%
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1,78%
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2,80%
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1,81%
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2,11%
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Самоубийства
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2,07%
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2,78%
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1,03%
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1,69%
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2,73%
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Остальные причины смерти
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13,87%
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12,08%
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15,54%
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12,44%
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10,43%
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Цель исследования - оценить влияние социально-экономических
и других факторов на различия в уровне смертности в Европе за ряд
лет и между регионами, определить какие факторы необходимо учитывать,
разрабатывая сценарии смертности на будущее.
Table of contents
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 A BACKGROUND TO DECLINING LEVELS OF MORTALITY
1.3 FILLING THE RESEARCH KNOWLEDGE GAP
1.4 THE PRESENT STUDY OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DETERMINANTS OF MORTALITY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIOECONOMIC MORTALITY DIFFERENCES
2.3 SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF ADULT MORTALITY FROM THE LIFE
COURSE PERSPECTIVE
2.3.1 Early life stages
2.3.2 Social pathways between childhood and adult health
2.3.3 Socioeconomic factors in adult life
2.3.4 Mechanisms in adult life proximate risk indicators
2.3.5 Sociodemographic factors
2.3.6 Contextual factors
2.4 ECOLOGICAL FALLACY
2.5 CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 3. QUANTIFYING MORTALITY DIFFERENCES BY CAUSE OF
DEATH: DATA AND MEASUREMENT ASPECTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 DATA AND EUROSTAT'S "EUROPEAN SHORTLIST" OF CAUSES
OF DEATH
3.3 SELECTION OF CAUSES OF DEATH BASED ON PREVALENCE
3 4 SELECTION OF CAUSES OF DEATH BASED ON THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC
FACTORS
3.4.1 Evidence for socioeconomic health differences from studies
that used linked data
3.4.2 Final selection of causes of death
3.5 INTERNATIONAL COMPARABILITY OF THE SELECTED CAUSES OF DEATH
3.5.1 Classifying causes of death
3.5.2 Uncertainties relating to the quality of cause-of-death
data
3.6 CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX 3.1. THE STANDARDISED DEATH RATE AND THE COMPARATIVE
MORTALITY FIGURE
CHAPTER 4. SOCIOECONOMIC AND OTHER DETERMINANTS OFMORTALITY
DIFFERENCES IN EUROPE: A POOLED CROSSCOUNTRY AND TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTTON
4.2 ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF MORTALITY DIFFERENCES ABSOLUTE OR
RELATIVE INCOME?
4.3 THE HYPOTHESES
4.4 DATA AND METHOD
4.5 MORTALITY IN EUROPE - A QUICK DESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW
4.6 RESULTS
4.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 5. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MORTALITY IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC (I): ACCORDING TO SOCIOECONOMIC CLUSTERS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE CR
5.3 SOCIOECONOMIC CLUSTERS DATA AND METHODOLOGY
5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC CLUSTERS RESULTS
5.5 MORTALITY DIFFERENCES METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
5.6 DISCUSSION
5.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX 5.1 CLUSTER ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 6. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MORTALITY IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC (II): LOG-LINEAR MODELLING OF AGE, SEX, CAUSE OF DEATH,
REGIONAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 DATA
6.3 METHOD
6.4 RESULTS I AGE, SEX, TIME AND REGIONAL STRUCTURES
6.5 RESULTS II EXPLANATORY ANALYSIS
6.5.1 Discussion of the results by cause of death
6.5.2 Interpretation of the results by covariate
6.6 DISCUSSION
6.7 SUMMARY
APPENDIX 6.1 ELASTICITIES OF COVARIATES (INCLUDING INTERACTIONS)
FOR EACH CAUSE OF DEATH
CHAPTER 7. EXPLAINING NEW TRENDS IN MALE-FEMALE MORTALITY
DIFFERENCES: INSIGHTS FROM A REGIONAL TREND ANALYSIS OF THE NETHERLANDS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 EARLIER STUDIES
7.3 OBJECTIVES
7.4 MATERIAL AND METHODS
7.5 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MALE AND FEMALE MORTALITY IN 1980-83
AND IN 1996-99 AND CHANGES OVER TIME A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
7.6 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND CHANGES OVER TIME IN THE MALE/FEMALE
MORTALITY GAP AND SEX RATIO
7.7 REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN MALE-FEMALE MORTALITY DIFFERENCES IN
THE 1980-83 AND 1996-99 CROSS-SECTIONS A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
7.8 THE DECLINE IN MALE-FEMALE MORTALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1980-83
AND 1996-99
7.9 DISCUSSION
CHAPTERS & DISCUSSION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 SUMMARY OF RESULTS
8.3 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED ТО MORTALITY RESEARCH
8.3.1 Limits of life
8.3.2 Epidemiological transition and the cause of death structure
future phases
8.3.3 Applying the theory of the life course to ecological mortality
studies
8.3.4 Changing effects of socioeconomic factors on future levels
of mortality
8.3.5 "Leading" and "lagging" regions in terms
of behaviour and mortality
8.4 EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED ТО MORTALITY RESEARCH
8.4.1 The effects of age, period, cohort and causes of death in
forecasting mortality
8.4.2 Country and regional clusters
8.4.3 Competing causes of death and the accuracy of the cause-of-death
statistics
8.5 FILLING A GAP THE SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE OF THIS
RESEARCH PROJECT
8.6 CONCLUSIONS
GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
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